[1] “T. WM, ‘Friction stir butt welding,’ International Patent Application, vol. 9125978.8., 1991.”.
[2] P. Kah, R. Rajan, J. Martikainen, and R. Suoranta, “Investigation of weld defects in friction-stir welding and fusion welding of aluminium alloys,” Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 26, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1186/s40712-015-0053-8.
[3] M. R. Mohammadaliha and S. A. Pur-Kasgari, “Optimal Parameters for Joining Polymer and Aluminum with an Adhesive Layer Using Friction Stir Welding in Aerospace Industry,” J. Space Sci. Technol. Appl., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1–15, 2023.”.
[4] S. W. Williams, “Welding of airframes using friction stir,” Air Sp. Eur., vol. 3, no. 3–4, pp. 64–66, May 2001, doi: 10.1016/S1290-0958(01)90059-0.
[5] A. Heinz, A. Haszler, C. Keidel, S. Moldenhauer, R. Benedictus, and W. . Miller, “Recent development in aluminium alloys for aerospace applications,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 280, no. 1, pp. 102–107, Mar. 2000, doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00674-7.
[6] X.-L. Wang, Z. Feng, S. David, S. Spooner, and C. Hubbard, “Neutron Diffraction Study of Residual Stresses In Friction Stir Welds,” In Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on ‘Residual stresses’, Oxford, UK. 2000.
[7] M. Baba Khanzadeh, K. Malekzadeh, and H. Mehrali, Design, simulation and optimization of friction stir welding, 1st ed. Iran: Akhavan, 1390.
[8] R. Ben Khalifa and O. Toumi, “Prediction of the friction stir welding temperature and ultimate tensile stress for 6061 T6 aluminum,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C, vol. 239, issue. 14,pp.5622_5635,2025.doi:10.1177/09544062251327542.
[9] C. A. Charitidis, D. A. Dragatogiannis, E. P. Koumoulos, and I. A. Kartsonakis, “Residual stress and deformation mechanism of friction stir welded aluminum alloys by nanoindentation,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 540, pp. 226–234, Apr. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.01.129.
[10] Z. Y. Ma, A. Feng, D. Chen, and J. Shen, “Recent Advances in Friction Stir Welding/Processing of Aluminum Alloys: Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 1–65, 2017, doi: 10.1080/10408436.2017.1358145.
[11] T. DING, H. ge YAN, J. hua CHEN, W. jun XIA, and B. SU, “Effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al−Mg−Mn−Zr−Tialloy sheet during friction stir welding,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed., vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 3626–3642, 2021, doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65753-9.
[12] M. Saad, R. Reda, M. Ahmed, and H. Abdelkader, “Influence Of Tool Rotational Speed And Axial Load In Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of High Strength Aluminum Alloys,” Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 114–120, 2017.
[13] T. Sun, M. J. Roy, D. Strong, C. Simpson, P. J. Withers, and P. B. Prangnell, “Weld zone and residual stress development in AA7050 stationary shoulder friction stir T-joint weld,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 263, pp. 256–265, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.022.
[14] Z. Sun, C.S. Wu, and S. Kumar, “Determination of heat generation by correlating the interfacial friction stress with temperature in friction stir welding,” J. Manuf. Process., vol. 31, pp. 801–811, 2018, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.01.010.
[15] T. Inoue and Z. G. Wang, “Coupling between Temperature, Stress and Metallic Structures during Phase Transformation and the Analysis of Carburized Quenching of a Steel Gear,” in Computational Mechanics,” Theory and Applications, vol. 86, pp. 691–696, 1986.
[16] Y. Z. Itoh, S. Suruga, and H. Kashiwaya, “Prediction of fatigue crack growth rate in welding residual stress field,” Eng. Fract. Mech., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 397–407, 1989, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(89)90089-1.
[17] G. BUSSU and P. IRVING, “The role of residual stress and heat affected zone properties on fatigue crack propagation in friction stir welded 2024-T351 aluminium joints,” Int. J. Fatigue, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 77–88,Jan.2003,doi:10.1016/S01421123(02)00038-5.
[18] M.T. Milan and P. Bowen, “Fracture toughness of selectively reinforced Al2124 alloy: Precrack tip in the composite side,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 1393–1401, 2004, doi: 10.1007/s11661-004-0314-2.
[19] V. Mishin et al.,“Numerical Simulation of the Thermo-Mechanica Behavior of 6061 Aluminum Alloy during Friction-Stir Welding,” J. Manuf. Mater. Process., vol. 6, no. 4, 2022, doi: 10.3390/jmmp6040068.
[20] H. Mohammadi. and S. Naderi. ,“Modeling Elastic–Plastic Residual Stresses Induced by Laser Welding in Aerospace Structures,” J. Space Sci. Technol. Appl., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 153–162, Jun. 2015.”.
[21] K. N. Salloomi, “Full coupled thermomechanical simulation of friction stir welding of aluminum 6061-T6 alloy T-joint,” J. Manuf. Process., vol.45,pp.746–754, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.06.030.
[22] L. Nie, Y. X. Wu, and H. Gong, “Prediction of temperature and residual stress distributions in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 106, no. 7, pp. 3301–3310, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00170-019-04826-4.
[23] M. Bevilacqua, F. E. Ciarapica, A. D’Orazio, A.Forcellese,and M. Simoncini, “Sustainability Analysis of Friction Stir Welding of AA5754 Sheets,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 62, pp. 529–534, 2017,doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.06.081.
[24] S. Ji, Y. Jin, Y. M. Yue, S. Gao, and L. Wang, “Effect of Temperature on Material Transfer Behavior at Different Stages of Friction Stir Welded 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy,” J. Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 29, pp. 955–960, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2013.05.018.
[25] X. He, F. Gu, and A. Ball, “A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 65, pp. 1–66, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2014.03.003.
[26] H. Yu, B.Zheng, and X. Lai,“A modeling study of welding stress induced by friction stir welding,”J.Mater.Process.Technol.,vol.254,pp.213_220, 2018,doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.022.
[27] Z. Zhang and H. W. Zhang, “Solid mechanics-based Eulerian model of friction stir welding,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 1647–1653, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s00170-014-5789-4.
[28] Q. Wen, W. Y. Li, Y. J. Gao, J. Yang, and F. F. Wang,“Numerical simulation and experimental investigation of band patterns in bobbin tool friction stir welding of aluminum alloy,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 100, no. 9, pp. 2679–2687, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00170-018-2750-y.
[29] H. Schmidt, J. Hattel, and J. Wert, “An analytical model for the heat generation in friction stir welding,” Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 12, p. 143, 2003, doi: 10.1088/0965-0393/12/1/013.
[30] D. Yan, W. Aiping, J. Silvanus, and Q. Shi, “Predicting residual distortion of aluminum alloy stiffened sheet after friction stir welding by numerical simulation,” Mater. Des., vol. 32, pp.2284_2291,2011,doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.11.032.
[31] K. N. Salloomi and S. Al-Sumaidae, “Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian prediction of thermal and residual stress environments in dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum alloys,” J. Adv. Join. Process., vol. 3, pp. 100052, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jajp.2021.100052.
[32] Z. Sarfaraz, Y. R. Awan, H. A. Saeed, R. Khan, M. Wieczorowski, and N. A. Din, “Residual Stress in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys: A Parametric Study,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 18, no. 2, 2025, doi: 10.3390/ma18020316.
[33] K. V. Jata, K. K. Sankaran, and J. J. Ruschau, “Friction-stir welding effects on microstructure and fatigue of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 2181–2192, Sep. 2000, doi: 10.1007/s11661-000-0136-9.
[34] D. G. Moghadam, K. Farhangdoost, and R. M. Nejad, “Microstructure and Residual Stress Distributions Under the Influence of Welding Speed in Friction Stir Welded 2024 Aluminum Alloy,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 2048–2062, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s11663-016-0611-3.
[35] C. Dalle Donne, E. Lima, J. Wegener, A. Kaysser-Pyzalla,an T. Buslaps, “Investigations on Residual Stresses in Friction Stir Welds,” 2001, pp. 1–10.
[36] F. Gemme, Y. Verreman, L. Dubourg, and M. Jahazi, “Numerical analysis of the dwell phase in friction stir welding and comparison with experimental data,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 527, no.16, pp.4152_4160, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.03.026.
[37] F. Panzer, M. Werz, and S. Weihe, “Experimental investigation of the friction stir welding dynamics of 6000 series aluminum alloys,” Prod. Eng., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 667–677, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11740-018-0834-z.
[38] Z. Zhang and H. W. Zhang, “A fully coupled thermo-mechanical model of friction stir welding,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 279–293, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s00170-007-0971-6.
[39] Z. Zhang and H. W. Zhang, “Numerical studies on controlling of process parameters in friction stir welding,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 209,no.1,pp.241_270,2009,doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.01.044.
[40] Z. Zhang and H. W. Zhang, “Numerical studies on the effect of transverse speed in friction stir welding,” Mater. Des., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 900–907,2009,doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.05.029.
[41] A. K. Lakshminarayanan and V. BALASUBRAMANIAN, “Process parameters optimization for friction stir welding of RDE-40 aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, vol. 18, no.3,pp.548_554,2008,doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(08)60096-5.
[42] V.V. Ramalingam, P. Ramasamy,D. A. Moganraj,T. Subramaniam, J. Gokulachandran, and M. Ram,“Numerical Modelling of Thermal Phenomenon in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminumplates,”2016.doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.22558.43845/1.
[43] R. S. Mishra and Z. Y. Ma, “Friction stir welding and processing,” Mater. Sci. Eng. R Reports, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 1–78, Aug. 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2005.07.001.
