Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Maraging 300 Alloy Produced by Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing Method Used Digital Image Correlation Technique
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Space Transportation Systems Engineering Research Group,, Space Transportation Research Institute, Iranian Space Research Center
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Studying the parameters that influence additive manufacturing and determining the optimal conditions for part production is a complex challenge. Research is actively focused on understanding how process conditions affect the evolution of microstructure and the resulting mechanical properties of fabricated components. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of selective laser melting additive manufacturing process parameters on the mechanical properties of Maraging 300 steel samples. The mechanical properties were determined using 2D digital image correlation on flat tensile samples (in accordance with the ASTM E8 standard). Laser scanning speed (70, 100 mm/s), hatch distance (100, 150, 200 μm), and layer thickness (20, 40 μm) were evaluated for their effects on mechanical properties. The desired mechanical properties were extracted using the digital image correlation test, a non-contact optical method for measuring mechanical properties. According to the results of the study, the laser scanning speed significantly influences the mechanical properties of samples more than other additive manufacturing parameters according to the relationship between the selected parameters and the laser energy density and their effect on the molten pool. Based on the results, the optimal sample is made with a scanning speed of 70 mm/s, a hatch distance of 200 μm, and a layer thickness of 20 μm. This sample has a yield strength of 1785 MPa, an ultimate strength of 1816 MPa, an elongation of 17.4%, and a Poisson ratio of 0.34.
Keywords
Subjects
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[38] D. Amodio, G. B. Broggiato, F. Campana, G. Newaz, "Digital speckle correlation for strain measurement by image analysis", Experimental Mechanics, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 396-402, 2003.
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[40] Y. Vahidshad, K. Abreenia, and P. Alimehr, "Optimization of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters in 3D Printing of Maraging Steel 300 Components Using Taguchi Method," *Journal of Science and Technology of Additive Manufacturing*, accepted for publication, 2024. Available: https://doi.org/10.22034/jssta.2024.417595.1140 (In Persian).
[41] T. Tekin, G. Ischia, F. Naclerio, R. Ipek, A. Molinari, Effect of a direct aging heat treatment on the microstructure and the tensile properties of a 18Ni-300 maraging steel produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 872, pp. 144921, 2023.
[2] S. Shahbazi and M. Javanmard, "3D Printing - Introduction to Printing Methods and Applications in Sciences and Industries," in Proceedings of the National Conference on Technology, Energy, and Data with an Approach to Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kermanshah, Iran, June 2015.[3] M. Angouraj Taghavi, "Manufacturing of Medical Implants by Additive Manufacturing," Iranian Ceramic Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 52-60, Winter 2019 (In Persian).
[4] A. M. Kalagar, "Additive Manufacturing of Gas Turbine Components Made of Nickel-Based Superalloys," Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 38-45, June 2022 (In Persian).
[5] K. Moeinfar, F. Khodabakhshi, and S. Kashani Bozorg, "3D Printing of Inconel 625 Superalloy by Selective Laser Melting," Journal of Metallurgical Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 347-358, Dec. 2020 (In Persian).
[6] M. Kamyab, M. S. Mohbi, A. Hajialimohammadi, M. A. Taheri, and A. Mafi, "Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured 4043 Alloy Samples for Enhancing the External Features of Cylinder Heads," in Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Internal Combustion Engines and Oil, Tehran, Iran, June 2019 (In Persian).
[7] I. Khan, "Part specific applications of Additive Manufacturing", Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 12, pp. 89-95, 2017.
[8] M. Kh. Niaki, "Why manufacturers adopt additive manufacturing technologies: The role of sustainability", Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 222, pp. 381-392, 2019
[9] T. Kurzynowski, A. Pawlak, I. Smolina, "The potential of SLM technology for processing magnesium alloys in aerospace industry". Archiv. Civ. Mech. Eng, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 327-339, 2020.
[10] P. Adrian Mouritz, “Introduction to Aerospace Materials”, Woodhead Publishing, 2012.
[11] K. Li, T. Yang, N. Gong, J. Wu, X. Wu, D. Z. Zhang, L. E. Murr, "Additive manufacturing of ultra-high strength steels: A review", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 965, pp. 171390, 2023.
[12] A. Hadadzadeh, A. Shahriari, B. S. Amirkhiz, J. Li, M. Mohammadi, "Additive manufacturing of an Fe–Cr–Ni–Al maraging stainless steel: Microstructure evolution, heat treatment, and strengthening mechanisms", Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 787, pp. 139470, 2020.
[13] W. Sha, Z. Guo, "Maraging Steels: Modelling of Microstructure, Properties and Applications", Woodhead Publishing, 2009.
[14] Y. Bai, Y. Yang, D. Wang, M. Zhang, "Influence mechanism of parameters process and mechanical properties evolution mechanism of maraging steel 300 by selective laser melting", Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 703, pp 116-123, 2017.
[15] Y. Tian, R. Palad, C. Aranas Jr, "Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a newly designed steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, Additive Manufacturing", vol. 36, pp. 101495, 2020.
[16] T. Z. Xu, S. Zhang, Y. Du, C. L. Wu, C. H. Zhang, X. Y. Sun, H. T. Chen, J. Chen, Development and characterization of a novel maraging steel fabricated by laser additive manufacturing, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 891, pp. 45975, 2024.
[17] W. W. Wu, C. Xiang, C. Zhang, Z. H. Zou, Y. F. Xun, J. F. Liu, E. H. Han, Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and tensile properties of 18Ni300 maraging steel fabricated by selective laser melting, Acta Metall Sin., Vol. 10, 2024.
[18] M. A. Sutton, J.-J. O. Hubert, W. Schreier, "Image Correlation for Shape, Motion and Deformation Measurements Basic Concepts, Theory and Applications", Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-78746-6 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-78747-3 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78747-3
[19] W. H. Peters, W. F. Ranson. "Digital imaging techniques in experimental stress analysis", Optical Engineering, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 427–431, 1982.
[20] M. A. Sutton, W. J. Wolters, W. H. Peters, W. F. Ranson, S. R. McNeill. "Determination of displacements using an improved digital correlation method", Image and Vision Computing, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 133–139, 1983.
[21] J. Anderson, W. H. Peters, M. A. Sutton, W. F. Ranson, and T. C. Chu. "Application of digital correlation methods to rigid body mechanics" Optical Engineering, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 238–243, 1984.
[22] M. A. Sutton, M. Q. Cheng, W. H. Peters, Y. J. Chao, S. R. McNeill. "Application of an optimized digital correlation method to planar deformation analysis", Image and Vision Computing, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 143–150, 1986.
[23] M. A. Sutton, S. R. McNeill, J. Jang, and M. Babai, "Effects of sub-pixel image restoration on digital correlation error", Optical Engineering, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 870–877, 1988.
[24] H. A. Bruck, S. R. McNeill, M. A. Sutton, W. H. Peters. "Digital image correlation using Newton-Raphson method of partial differential correction", Experimental Mechanics, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 261–267, 1989.
[25] G. L. Hovis, Centroidal tracking algorithm for deformation measurement using gray scale digital images, M.S. thesis, University of South Carolina, Computer Science Dept. Columbia, SC, United States 1989.
[26] D. J. Cheng, F. P. Chang, Y. S. Tan, and H. S. Don, "Digital speckle-displacement measurement using a complex spectrum method", Applied Optics, vol. 32, pp. 1839, 1993.
[27] G. Vendroux, W. Knauss, "Submicron deformation field measurements: Part 1 Developing a digital scanning tunneling" microscope Exp. Mech., vol. 38, pp. 18-23. 1998.
[28] G. Vendroux, W. Knauss, "Submicron deformation field measurements: Part 2 Improved digital image correlation", Exp. Mech., vol. 38, pp. 86-92, 1998.
[29] G. L. Hovis, "Vision System for Remote Strain/Deformation Measurement", article, January 26, 1999; South Carolina. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc682576/: accessed March 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu.
[30] H. W. Schreier, J. Braasch, M. A. Sutton. "Systematic errors in digital image correlation caused by intensity interpolation". Optical Engineering, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 2915–2921, 2000.
[31] C. J. Tay, C. Quan, Y. H. Huang, Y. Fu, "Digital image correlation for whole field out-of-plane displacement measurement using a single camera", Optics Communications, vol. 251, no. 1-3, pp. 23-36, 2005.
[32] P. Britton, J. Loughran, "Application of image measurement and continuum mechanics to the direct measurement of two-dimensional finite strain in a complex fibro-porous material", International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science & Mechanics, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 81-90, 2006.
[33] P. Austrell, B. Enquist, A. Heyden, S. Spanne, "Contact free strain measurement using MATLAB image processing toolbox", Lund: Division of Structural Mechanics, LTH, 1996.
[34] D. P. Nicolella, A. E. Nicholls, J. Lankford, D. T. Davy, "Machine vision photogrammetry: a technique for measurement of microstructural strain in cortical bone", vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 135-139, 2001.
[35] JCJ. Hofstede, H. J. K. Lemmen, RC. Alderliesten, R. Benedictus, R. Rodi, "The power of Digital Image Correlation for detailed elastic-plastic strain measurements", Delft: Adhesion Institute, 2008.
[36] M. A. Sutton, N. Li, D. Garcia, N. Cornille, J. J. Orteu, S. R McNeill, H. W. Schreier, X. Li, "Metrology in a scanning electron microscope: theoretical developments and experimental validation", Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 2613, 2006.
[37] H. Jin, L. W-Y, J. Korellis, "Micro-scale deformation measurement using the digital image correlation technique and scanning electron microscope imaging", The Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 719-728, 2008.
[38] D. Amodio, G. B. Broggiato, F. Campana, G. Newaz, "Digital speckle correlation for strain measurement by image analysis", Experimental Mechanics, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 396-402, 2003.
[39] M. L. Montero-Sistiaga, S. Pourbabak, J.V. Humbeeck, D. Schryvers, K. Vanmeensel, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X produced by HP-SLM (high power selective laser melting) ", Mater. Des., vol. 165, pp. 107598, 2019.
[40] Y. Vahidshad, K. Abreenia, and P. Alimehr, "Optimization of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters in 3D Printing of Maraging Steel 300 Components Using Taguchi Method," *Journal of Science and Technology of Additive Manufacturing*, accepted for publication, 2024. Available: https://doi.org/10.22034/jssta.2024.417595.1140 (In Persian).
[41] T. Tekin, G. Ischia, F. Naclerio, R. Ipek, A. Molinari, Effect of a direct aging heat treatment on the microstructure and the tensile properties of a 18Ni-300 maraging steel produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 872, pp. 144921, 2023.
Volume 4, Issue 2
March 2025Pages 37-48
- Receive Date 02 April 2024
- Revise Date 24 June 2024
- Accept Date 20 November 2024